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@#As an active hydroxyanthraquinone ingredient, emodin is abundant in Chinese medicine herbs, such as Rheum palmatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that emodin has a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, antibacterial and anti-viral effects, myocardial protection, neuroprotection, renal protection, bone protection, antifibrosis and so on, which indicate its high medicinal value and broad application prospects.This article aims to summarize the progress in the pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of emodin published in domestic and international journals over the last 5 years and highlight the potential targets and molecular signaling pathways linked with emodin, so as to provide some clues and references for further development and clinical application of emodin.
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Pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of clinical pulmonary edema and contributes to the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Here we reported that ruscogenin (RUS), an effective steroidal sapogenin of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus, attenuated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption through mediating non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMMHC IIA)‒Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) interactions. By in vivo and in vitro experiments, we observed that RUS administration significantly ameliorated LPS-triggered pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction and ALI. Moreover, we identified that RUS directly targeted NMMHC IIA on its N-terminal and head domain by serial affinity chromatography, molecular docking, biolayer interferometry, and microscale thermophoresis analyses. Downregulation of endothelial NMMHC IIA expression in vivo and in vitro abolished the protective effect of RUS. It was also observed that NMMHC IIA was dissociated from TLR4 and then activating TLR4 downstream Src/vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) signaling in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells after LPS treatment, which could be restored by RUS. Collectively, these findings provide pharmacological evidence showing that RUS attenuates LPS-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting TLR4/Src/VE-cadherin pathway through targeting NMMHC IIA and mediating NMMHC IIA‒TLR4 interactions.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.017.].
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@#Drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding is caused by drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract, which damages the gastrointestinal mucosa causing erosion and ulceration. Many drugs can cause gastrointestinal bleeding including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antithrombotic drugs, chemotherapy drugs, and antibacterial drugs, drugs induced gastrointestinal bleeding by destroying gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, inhibiting of angiogenesis, destroying coagulation mechanism and there are still few prevention methods. This study focused on the clinical research and mechanism of drugs. The research in recent 5 years were reviewed to illustrate drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding, so as to illustrate the characteristic actions of drug and provide some references and clues for the prevention of drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Arterial thrombosis (AT) is a common disease which usually causes acute myocardial infarction,ischemic stroke and other ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,which shows high rates of morbidity and mortality,and has become a serious problem to human health.It is increasingly clear that the interactions among platelets,the endothelium and leukocytes are important throughout all stages of the atherothrombotic process.It is of great significance to search for therapeutic targets in the process of AT and developing the therapeutic drugs based on those newly discovered targets.This article reviews the research advances in the discovery of antithrombotic targets and the current situation of drug development based on those antithrombotic targets found in the recent 5 years,in order to provide some references or clues for the development of innovative drugs to prevent and treat AT.
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@#Nitric oxide(NO)is a vital signal messenger in human and generated by nitric oxide synthase including endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and neuropathic nitric oxide synthase(nNOS). NO has important regulatory function on the immune system, nervous system and many other physiological systems. Endogenous NO can enhance the function of the vascular system and endothelial cell survival, and inhibit platelet accumulation and leukocyte infiltration. Excessive production of NO may damage tissues by cytotoxic and cytostatic effects. Thus, NO plays a dual role in physiology and pathology. This paper gives a brief review on regulatory effects of NOS-NO system by traditional Chinese medicine during the recent five years, so as to provide some clues or references for the treatment of related diseases and scientific evidene for reasonable and effective clinical application.
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@#Acute lung injury(ALI)is a common critical disease with increasing morbidity and mortality rate in clinic. Its major pathological cause is the inflammation imbalance, which can cause diffuse alveolar and pulmonary vascular endothelial cell injury, lung edema and atelectasis. Many pathways and receptors, such as NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, and the adenosine A2A receptors, Toll-like receptors(TLRs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ), etc. are involved in ALI. Nowadays, prevention and treatment of ALI with natural products attract more and more attention. This article reviews the advances in the mechanisms research of natural products in recent three years against ALI so as to provide some references and clues for the development of innovative drugs to prevent and treat ALI.
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The study aims to develop a unified method to determine seven phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C) contained in honeysuckle flower that is the monarch drug of all the eight Yinqiao Jiedu serial preparations using quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS). Firstly, chlorogenic acid was used as a reference to get the average relative correction factors (RCFs) of the other phenolic acids in ratios to the reference; columns and instruments from different companies were used to validate the durability of the achieved RCFs in different levels of standard solutions; and honeysuckle flower extract was used as the reference substance to fix the positions of chromatographic peaks. Secondly, the contents of seven phenolic acids in eight different Yinqiao Jiedu serial preparations samples were calculated based on the RCFs durability. Finally, the quantitative results were compared between QAMS and the external standard (ES) method. The results have showed that the durability of the achieved RCFs is good (RSD during 0.80% - 2.56%), and there are no differences between the quantitative results of QAMS and ES (the relative average deviation < 0.93%). So it can be successfully used to the quantitative control of honeysuckle flower principally prescribed in Yinqiao Jiedu serial preparations.
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Oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis plays a vital role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders;while at present its regulation pathways mainly include the NF-κB pathway;p53 pathway;MAPK path-way;PI3 K/Akt pathway;Nrf2 pathway;as well as other signaling pathways.Research findings suggest that the active components in Chinese materia medica exert significant biological activities in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis.In the present paper;we review the recent research advances on the relative mechanisms of active components in Chinese materia medica against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis;so as to provide some references or clues for the clarification of possible mechanisms of active components in Chinese materia medica and the treatment of related neurodegenerative diseases.
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@#The endoplasmic reticulum is an important organelle for eukaryotic cell protein synthesis, folding and secretion. Perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis causes endoplasmic reticulum stress. It has been considered as one of important ways and new strategies to regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress in the treatment of multiple diseases. This paper mainly reviews the advances in the research on traditional Chinese medicines for modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, diabetes and other complex diseases in recent years, aiming to provide some clues and references for exploring the characteristics and possible mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines treating related diseases.
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This study was aimed to establish the determination method of nineorganic solvent residues of macrop-orous resin. Headspace capillary gas chromatography (GC) was used in the content determination of hexane, benzene, methyl-benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, styrene, diethyl-benzene and divinyl-benzene of macroporousresin residues in Ginkgo leaf tablets. The results showed that ninemacroporous resin residues in Ginkgo leaf tablets were completely separated. The calibration curves were in good linearity (r=0.9992-0.9998). The average recoveries were 80%-110%. It was concluded that themethod was accurate, quick, and sensitive, which can be used to determine the macroporous resin residues in Ginkgo leaf tablets.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The pain caused by orthodontic treatment has been considered as tough problems in orthodontic practice. Danggui-shaoyao-san (DSS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription which has long been used for pain treatment and possesses antioxidative, cognitive enhancing and antidepressant effects. We raise the hypothesis that DSS exerts analgesic effect for orthodontic pain via inhibiting the activations of neuron and microglia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>DSS was given twice a day from day 5 prior to experimental tooth movement (ETM). Directed face grooming and vacuous chewing movements (VCM) were evaluated. Immunofluorescent histochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to quantify the Iba-1 (microglia activation) and Fos (neuronal activation) expression levels in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (Vc).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ETM significantly increased directed face grooming and VCM which reached the peak at post-operative day (POD) 1 and gradually decreased to the baseline at POD 7. However, a drastic peak increase of Fos expression in Vc was observed at 4 hours and gradually decreased to baseline at POD 7; while the increased Iba-1 level reached the peak at POD 1 and gradually decreased to baseline at POD 7. Furthermore, pre-treatment with DSS significantly attenuated the ETM induced directed face grooming and VCM as well as the Fos and Iba-1 levels at POD 1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment with DSS had significant analgesic effects on ETM-induced pain, which was accompanied with inhibition of both neuronal and microglial activation.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Face , Physiology , Mastication , Physiology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Methods , Microglia , Physiology , Neurons , Physiology , Pain , Drug Therapy , Pain Management , Methods , Postoperative Period , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tooth Movement TechniquesABSTRACT
Combination disease and syndrome to construct animal model must be accord with the diagnosis and treatment mode of tradition Chinese medicine (TCM). The construct ion method should abide by the mode of combination prescription, syndrome, disease and efficacy. Prescription refers to those classic and effective formula. Syndrome refers to the symptoms and signs of prescription. Disease refers to model medical disease. Efficacy refers to the results of treatment. Constructing animal model should choose the classical prescription and formulate the clinical signs and symptoms. According to the main pathological process of modem diseases related to the syndrome to mine the methods of constructing animal models to express the main signs and symptoms, at last to testify the efficacy through the corresponding prescription. This method of constructing animal model is not only accord to the mode of diagnosis and treatment of TCM, but also affords a certain example of constructing animal model of combination model disease and syndrome.
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Animals , Humans , Diagnosis , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Medicine, Chinese TraditionalABSTRACT
Diosgenin,an important steroid sapogenin,is one of major precursors of synthetic steroids.It is rich in natural resources and has various significant activities such as anti-tumor,anti-inflammation,and cardiovascular-protection and so on.Recently,it causes increasing attention of scholars all over the world due to its valuable application in medicine.In this paper,the latest international research advances of diosgenin in its pharmacologic activities and mechanism were reviewed.
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Objective To observe the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of CNZ,an optimized prescrition of Liushen Wan based on our previous studies,so as to provide some pharmacological evidence for its further clinical use. Methods Both acetic-acid-induced increased mouse vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced mouse footpad edema were used to study the anti-inflammatory activity of CNZ.Meanwhile,its analgesic activity was evaluated in mice model of pain induced by thermal stimulus and acetic acid.The above activities were compared with those of Liushen Wan.Results CNZ significantly reduced acetic-acid-induced dye leakage at the doses of 16,32 and 64mg/kg after single oral administration.Meanwhile,CNZ at the two higher doses also markedly inhibited carrageenan-induced foot- pad edema,which exerted the strongest effect at 3 hours after carrageenan injection,and lasted over 5 hours.On the other hand,CNZ remarkably suppressed acetic-acid-induced writhing response at low,moderate-and high-doses, and significantly prolonged pain threshold in hot plate assay at moderate-and high-doses 0.5 hour after oral adminis- tration,lasting over 3 hours.Overall,its potency was similar to that of Liushen Wan.Conclusion CNZ has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
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Objective To explore the proper proportion of effective fractions in Shengmaisan(saponins of Radix ginseng,saponins of Radix ophiopogonis,Lignans of Fructus schisandrae)in different anoxia models.Methods Acute cerebral hypoxia was induced by sodium nitrite and decapitation in mice,and the orthogonal design was used in these two models to find the proper proportion of three effective fractions.The gasping time of the mice,which were decapitated was observed to compare the anti-anoxia effects of XZF with other clinical drugs,and cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury model of mice was also used to study the effect of XZF on related biochemical index.Results XZF(the proportion of saponins of Radix ginseng,saponins of Radix ophiopogonis,Lignans of Fructus schisandrae as 7 ∶ 2 ∶ 6)significantly prolonged the gasping time,and decreased brain nitrogen monoxidum(NO)content after reperfusion of the mice at dosages of 50 mg/kg and 150mg/kg.Meanwhile,XZF also reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity at the higher dosage.Conclusion XZF obtained by experimental screening exerts a significant protective effect on cerebral ischemia injury in mice,which provide some pharmacological evidence for further development of new modern Chinese drug composed with effective fractions for cerebral vascular diseases.
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Objective: To observe the effect of DSP on three models of memory dysfunction,so as to provide evidence for its potential therapeuticaction for senile dementia.Methods: Three kinds of memory dysfunction are induced by scopolamine,reserpine and ovariectomy respectively,and memory ability is measured through step through and water maze tests.Meanwhile AchE activity in front cortex, hippocampus,striatum and limlic lobe of rats injected scopalamine is determined.Results: DSP can significantly prolong the step through latency,and decrease AchE activity in different parts of rats injeted scopalamine.And DSP can remarkably prolong latency,and increase uterus index of mice after ovariectomy.On the other hand,DSP can shorten water maze latency,enhance the correction percentage of mice injected reserpine.Conclusions:DSP can improve the memory dysfunction possibly through below pathways:(1)enhance the cholinergic system;(2)antagonize the decrease of monoamino transmitter;(3)has the possible estrogen like action.
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Objective: To study the factors affecting the content of magnolol which is one of the main active components in Magnolia Bark Three Agents Decoction. Methods: The contents of magnolol in extracts of Magnalia Bark Three Agents Decoction (medicinal materids were decocted alone, together or in different compatibleness, and residuals) were determined by HPLC. The effects of use amount of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, decoction time, and extraction times on magnolol content were studied by orthogonal design.Results: The content of magnolol in Magnolia Bark Three Agents Decoction of which medicinal materials were decocted together was over double that of which they were decocted alone. The dissolution sate of magnolol increased with the increasing of the use amount of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and extraction times. Conclusion: Fructus Aurantii Immaturuns and extraction times are the main factors affecting magnolol content in Magnolia Bark Three Agents Decoction.
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AIM: To observe the difference of actions among three traditional compl ex prescriptions with the same composition but the different dosage, including X iaochengqi Decoction, Houpudahuang Decoction and Houpusanwu Decoction, so as to provide evidence for their different clinical applications. METHODS: A series of experiments were performed, including carbon p rop ellance in small intestine, black stool excretion, cough induced by ammonia liqu or and phenol red secretion from trachea. RESULTS: Three prescriptions all enhanced carbon propellance in sma ll intestine at the high dosage, while at the low dosage only Houpusanwu Decoct ion showed the significant effect. They all shortened the latency of black stool a nd increased their total amounts in 6 hours at the high dosage, while at the low dosage Xiaochengqi Decoction and Houpudahuang Decoction had the significant p urgative action. Houpudahuang Decoction remarkably prolonged cough latency, dec reased cough times and enhanced phenol red secretion from trachea, while other t wo prescriptions had no obvious effects. CONCLUSION: Such results showed that Xiaochengqi Decoction had the better purgative action, while Houpusanwu Decoction regulated Qi strongerly, a nd Houpudanghuang Decoction showed the marked actions of relieving cough and re solving phlegm.
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Aim To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of ruscogenin,a major sapogenin from Ophiopogon japonicus,effect of ruscogenin on cell adhesion is studied.Methods By MTT assay,effect of ruscogenin on normal and TNF-?-induced adhesion of human pro-myelocytic leukemia cell strain(HL-60)to venous endothelial cell strain(ECV304)was observed and effect of ruscogenin on the viability of ECV304 cells and HL-60 cells were investigated.Results Adhesion between HL-60 cells and ECV304 cells induced by TNF-? was significantly inhibited when ECV304 cells were pretreated with ruscogenin at the concentration of 0.1,1.0 ?mol?L~(-1).Meanwhile,ruscogenin remarkably inhibited TNF-a-induced adhesion when HL-60 cells were pretreated with ruscogenin at the concentration of 0.001,0.01,0.1 ?mol?L~(-1).On the other hand,their viability and adhesion of HL-60 cells to normal ECV304 cells were not affected at above concentrations.Conclusion Ruscogenin shows significant anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of adherence of HL-60 cells to activated ECV304 cells.